Get your online CPR Certification & Training, life saving course!

Critical Concepts in Basic Life Support

One Rescuer Pediatric BLS
The pediatric BLS algorithms differ depending on whether you are alone or if other people/rescuers are present. If you
are alone and cannot use your cell phone to call for help, you will need to leave the victim at some point to get help. The
timing of when you leave the victim depends on whether or not you witnessed the collapse.

  • Witnessed collapse of a child or infant: Leave victim to get help.
  • Unwitnessed collapse of a child or infant: Perform 2 minutes of CPR, then leave victim to get help.

Two or More Rescuer Pediatric BLS

Initial Impression

  • An initial impression is gives you an opportunity to evaluate a child’s level of consciousness, breathing, and color within seconds.
  • Your initial impression guides you in making correct interventions
ImpressionConsciousnessBreathingColor
EncouragingAlert, AppropriateUnlabored breathingNormal
WorrisomeDrowsy, IrritableLabored breathingPale, flushed
ArrestUnresponsiveNot breathing, Ineffective breathingBlue/cyanotic, mottled

PALS Primary Assessment

  1. Airway
  2. Breathing
  3. Circulation
  4. Disability
  5. Exposure

Airway

Evaluate and Identify

  • Clear
  • Maintainable
  • Not Maintainable

Intervene

  • Keep the airway open
  • Positioning
    • Use head tilt/chin lift
    • Jaw thrust if there is suspected neck injury
  • Laryngoscope-aided removal of foreign body
  • Use bag valve mask when available
  • Use advanced airways as needed(Intubation)
  • Remember to verify the placement of advanced airways and secure them in place

Breathing

Evaluate and Identify

  • Normal vs. abnormal rate for age
    • Tachypnea: fever, pain, dehydration , diabetes, sepsis, CHF, anemia, cardiac defects
    • Bradypnea: accessory muscle exhaustion, CNS injury, CNS disease, hypothermia, drugs
    • Apnea: Breathing stops for 20 or more seconds
  • Air Movement
    • Look and feel to evaluate chest movement
    • Listen and feel to discern air movement
    • Breath sounds
      • Stridor
      • Grunting
      • Gurgling
      • Wheezing
      • Crackles
  • Work of breathing
    • Nasal flaring
    • Retractions
    • Head bobbing
    • Seesaw respirations

Intervene

    • ≥94%
  • Avoid excessive ventilation

Circulation

Evaluate and Identify

  • Rate
    • Is the rate normal for the child’s age?
    • Is bradycardia or tachycardia present?
    • Is the pulse absent?
  • Rhythm
    • Is the rhythm regular or irregular?
  • Peripheral pulses
    • Can you feel pulses in thedorsalis pedis,radial posterior, or tibial arteries?
  • Central pulses
    • Are pulses palpable in the…?
      • Femoral
      • Brachial
      • Carotid
      • Axilla
  • Capillary refill time
    • Greater than 2 seconds is abnormal
  • Skin color
    • Pallor
    • Mottling
    • Cyanosis
      • peripheral cyanosis
      • central cyanosis
  • Skin temperature
    • Is the skin warm or cool?
    • What is the ambient temperature?
  • Blood pressure
    • Is the blood pressure within the normal range for the child’s age?

Intervene

  • Provide treatment for shock as appropriate (see section on Shock)
    • Fluid resuscitation
    • Give supplemental oxygen to keep pulse oximetrySpO2≥94%
    • Blood pressure support
    • Interventions vary by type of shock

Disability

Evaluate and Identify

  • Level of consciousness
    • AVPU: Alert, Voice, Painful, Unresponsive
    • Pediatric Glasgow coma score
  • Muscle tone
  • Presence or absence of seizures
  • Pupil reaction to light

Intervene

  • Anti-seizure medications for seizure
  • Intervention specific to cause (e.g., antidote for poisoning)

Exposure

Evaluate and Identify

  • Signs of trauma
  • Bruising
  • Petechial
  • Purpura
  • Stress due to cold

Intervene – Intervention specific to cause (e.g., warming for hypothermia)

Signs of Life Threatening Problems
AirwayObstruction
BreathingApnea, bradypnea, increased work of breathing
CirculationPoor perfusion, weak or absent pulses, hypotension, bradycardia
DisabilityUnresponsiveness or decreased level of consciousness
ExposureHypothermia, extensive petechiae, bleeding, purpura

PALS Secondary Assessment

Focused History (SAMPLE)

  • Signs and Symptoms
  • Allergies
  • Medications
  • Past Medical History
  • Last Meal
  • Events

Focused Physical Exam and Diagnostic Tests

  • Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)
  • Venous Blood Gases (VBGs)
  • Hemoglobin
  • Central Venous O2 Saturation
  • Arterial Lactate
  • Central Venous Pressure Monitoring
  • Invasive Arterial Pressure Monitoring
  • EKG/ECG
  • Echocardiogram
  • Peak Expiratory Air Flow

Nationwide Health Training © 2023

Location: Nationwide Health Training, 3240 118th Ave SE, Unit #100, Bellevue, WA 98005